走近人工智能
出版信息
“十四五”職業(yè)教育國(guó)家規(guī)劃教材，職業(yè)院校通識(shí)教育課程系列教材
- 類 別：公共基礎(chǔ)課系列
- 書 名：走近人工智能
- 主 編：魯昕
- 定 價(jià)：58
- 開 本：16開
- 印刷方式：黑白
- 頁 數(shù)：328
- 時(shí) 間：2022年12月
- 出 版 社：商務(wù)印書館
- 書 號(hào)：978-7-100-18727-5
內(nèi)容摘要
本書是一本關(guān)于人工智能的通識(shí)讀本，在參考了許多較新的同類書籍和文獻(xiàn)資料的基礎(chǔ)上，簡(jiǎn)要回顧了人工智能的歷史發(fā)展，概括性地介紹了人工智能的基本原理，重點(diǎn)分述了人工智能的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。本書共分十二章：第一章介紹人工智能的起源；第二章介紹人工智能的基本概念、核心技術(shù)和技術(shù)方向，如專家系統(tǒng)、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)、自然語言處理等和圖像、視頻技術(shù)等；第三至十一章依次介紹了人工智能在各領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，包括智能制造、商業(yè)服務(wù)、生物技術(shù)、自動(dòng)駕駛、金融科技、醫(yī)療、教育、娛樂生活及家居；第十二章介紹人工智能倫理規(guī)范方面的內(nèi)容。人工智能的浪潮席卷全球，本書將帶領(lǐng)讀者走近人工智能的世界，了解未來社會(huì)即將面臨的變化。
本書適合作為職業(yè)教育人工智能通識(shí)課程的教材。
目錄
第一章 人工智能的起源與簡(jiǎn)史 ·································································· 1
一、朦朧時(shí)期：人工智能技術(shù)溯源 ························································· 2
?。ㄒ唬┞L(zhǎng)歷史萌芽 ······································································· 2
?。ǘ┬问竭壿嬐评?······································································· 3
（三）計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn) ······································································· 4
?。ㄋ模┐笤捜斯ぶ悄?······································································· 6
二、概念形成：人工智能的早期發(fā)展 ······················································ 6
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄軜?biāo)準(zhǔn)的提出 ······························································ 7
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄苄g(shù)語的確定 ······························································ 8
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿狞S金時(shí)期 ·····························································10
三、此起彼伏：人工智能的徘徊期 ························································11
?。ㄒ唬〢I 的第一次低谷期 ·······························································11
?。ǘ＜蚁到y(tǒng)的開發(fā)浪潮 ·····························································12
?。ㄈ〢I 的第二次低谷期 ·······························································13
?。ㄋ模┤斯ど窠?jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的復(fù)興 ·····························································14
四、時(shí)代召喚：人工智能的廣泛應(yīng)用 ·····················································15
?。ㄒ唬〢I 采用科學(xué)方法 ··································································16
（二）人機(jī)大賽AI 獲勝 ·································································17
?。ㄈ┕雀韫镜钠渌鸄I 產(chǎn)品 ························································18
（四）開放平臺(tái)百度大腦 ································································19
?。ㄎ澹┢渌鸄I 產(chǎn)品 ·······································································21
第二章 人工智能概述 ·············································································25
一、內(nèi)涵外延：人工智能的基本概念 ·····················································25
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄艿亩x ···································································25
（二）人工智能的分類與學(xué)派 ··························································27
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿娜齻€(gè)層次 ·····························································29
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄艿奈磥碲厔?shì) ·····························································31
二、三大支撐：人工智能的核心技術(shù) ·····················································33
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄艿?ldquo;芯片” ······························································33
（二）人工智能的“算法” ······························································36
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄艿?ldquo;數(shù)據(jù)” ······························································38
三、技術(shù)方向：人工智能的技術(shù)方向 ·····················································40
?。ㄒ唬C(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)與深度學(xué)習(xí) ·····························································40
（二）專家系統(tǒng)與知識(shí)工程 ·····························································43
?。ㄈ┱Z音、語言處理技術(shù) ·····························································45
?。ㄋ模﹫D像處理和圖像融合 ·····························································48
（五）機(jī)器視覺和視頻分析 ·····························································51
四、智慧體現(xiàn)：智能機(jī)器人 ·································································54
?。ㄒ唬C(jī)器人的由來 ······································································54
?。ǘ┲悄軝C(jī)器人的出現(xiàn) ································································56
?。ㄈ┲悄軝C(jī)器人的關(guān)鍵技術(shù) ··························································57
?。ㄋ模┲悄軝C(jī)器人的應(yīng)用 ································································60
?。ㄎ澹┲悄軝C(jī)器人的未來 ································································63
第三章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之一--智能制造 ················································65
一、歷史由來：智能制造的前世今生 ·····················································66
?。ㄒ唬┖沃^制造？ ·········································································66
?。ǘ?ldquo;工業(yè)4.0”的由來 ································································67
?。ㄈ┲悄苤圃斓膬?nèi)涵與要素 ··························································68
二、人工智能與智能制造：智能制造的賦能技術(shù) ······································71
（一）云計(jì)算 ···············································································72
?。ǘ┪锫?lián)網(wǎng) ···············································································73
（三）大數(shù)據(jù) ···············································································73
?。ㄋ模┮苿?dòng)互聯(lián) ············································································73
（五）高檔數(shù)控裝備 ······································································73
?。┰霾闹圃?············································································73
?。ㄆ撸┨摂M制造 ············································································75
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在智能制造中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ···································75
（一）智能工廠 ············································································76
?。ǘ﹤€(gè)性化定制 ·········································································78
（三）人機(jī)協(xié)作 ············································································81
?。ㄋ模┰O(shè)備診斷和預(yù)警 ···································································82
四、展望未來：智能制造的現(xiàn)狀、問題與趨勢(shì) ·········································83
（一）現(xiàn)狀：我國(guó)智能制造產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展報(bào)告 ···········································83
?。ǘ﹩栴}：智能制造落地存在的困難 ··············································84
?。ㄈ┶厔?shì)：人機(jī)融合協(xié)同制造 ·······················································85
第四章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之二--商業(yè)服務(wù) ················································87
一、歷史由來：商業(yè)的前世今生 ···························································89
?。ㄒ唬┥虡I(yè)的由來 ·········································································89
?。ǘ┥虡I(yè)的社會(huì)價(jià)值 ···································································89
?。ㄈ┝闶蹣I(yè)的發(fā)展演進(jìn) ································································89
二、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在商業(yè)中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ·········································91
?。ㄒ唬┚珳?zhǔn)顧客畫像下的精準(zhǔn)營(yíng)銷 ····················································91
?。ǘ﹤€(gè)性化的商品智能推薦 ··························································92
?。ㄈ┲悄荛T店管理 ······································································92
（四）智能化供應(yīng)鏈管理 ································································94
三、展望未來：人工智能在商業(yè)中應(yīng)用的問題與瓶頸 ································95
（一）存在的問題 ·········································································95
?。ǘ?yīng)用瓶頸 ············································································97
?。ㄈ┌l(fā)展趨勢(shì) ············································································98
第五章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之三--生物技術(shù) ················································99
一、理清思緒：關(guān)于人工智能和生物技術(shù)不能不說的那些事 ····················· 100
?。ㄒ唬┎唤庵?·········································································· 100
（二）探究生物技術(shù) ···································································· 102
?。ㄈ┥锛夹g(shù)發(fā)展歷程 ······························································ 103
?。ㄋ模┥锟茖W(xué)與人體結(jié)構(gòu) ··························································· 105
?。ㄎ澹┤斯ぶ悄苡糜谏锛夹g(shù)的必然性 ············································ 107
二、無處不在：改變生活的生物技術(shù) ··················································· 109
?。ㄒ唬┥嗉馍系纳锛夹g(shù) ······························································ 110
?。ǘ┱壬纳锛夹g(shù) ··························································· 111
（三）緩解能源危機(jī)的生物技術(shù) ····················································· 114
?。ㄋ模┐┰谏砩系纳锛夹g(shù) ··························································· 114
（五）永葆青春的生物技術(shù) ··························································· 115
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在生物技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ································· 116
?。ㄒ唬┗驕y(cè)序 ·········································································· 116
（二）藥物研發(fā) ·········································································· 117
?。ㄈ┥?ldquo;智”造 ···································································· 118
?。ㄋ模┥镞^程控制 ···································································· 120
（五）人造生命 ·········································································· 120
四、展望未來：人類從“智人”進(jìn)化到了“神人”么？ ··························· 122
（一）全新的“造物時(shí)代” ···························································· 122
?。ǘ┪磥淼纳茖W(xué)與生物技術(shù)暢想 ············································ 122
第六章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之四--自動(dòng)駕駛 ·············································· 127
一、歷史由來：自動(dòng)駕駛的前世今生 ··················································· 128
?。ㄒ唬┳詣?dòng)駕駛的起源（2004 年以前） ············································· 128
（二）自動(dòng)駕駛的孕育（2004 年-2009 年） ······································ 130
?。ㄈ┳詣?dòng)駕駛的成長(zhǎng)（2010 年-2015 年） ······································ 131
（四）自動(dòng)駕駛的春天（2016 年-2021 年） ······································ 133
二、人工智能與自動(dòng)駕駛：全新認(rèn)識(shí)自動(dòng)駕駛 ······································· 137
?。ㄒ唬┳詣?dòng)駕駛汽車的構(gòu)成和類型 ·················································· 138
?。ǘ┳詣?dòng)駕駛汽車的原理與系統(tǒng) ·················································· 142
?。ㄈ┳詣?dòng)駕駛汽車的優(yōu)勢(shì)和挑戰(zhàn) ·················································· 145
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在自動(dòng)駕駛中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ································· 148
?。ㄒ唬┳詣?dòng)駕駛卡車 ···································································· 150
（二）自動(dòng)駕駛出租車 ································································· 150
?。ㄈ┲悄芄淮蟀?···································································· 150
?。ㄋ模┌俣葻o人駕駛汽車 ······························································ 151
四、展望未來：自動(dòng)駕駛的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)構(gòu)想 ············································· 153
?。ㄒ唬┗ヂ?lián)空間 ·········································································· 154
（二）遠(yuǎn)程控制 ·········································································· 155
?。ㄈ┲腔鄣缆?·········································································· 155
?。ㄋ模┲悄芙煌?·········································································· 156
?。ㄎ澹┲悄艹鲂?·········································································· 157
第七章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之五--金融科技 ·············································· 162
一、金融科技--金融行業(yè)變局的決定性變量 ······································· 163
二、金融科技1.0 階段：金融+ IT ······················································· 165
（一）計(jì)算機(jī)的使用提高了金融機(jī)構(gòu)的基本賬務(wù)處理能力 ···················· 165
?。ǘ〢TM 的使用解決了銀行前臺(tái)服務(wù)難題 ····································· 166
（三）POS 機(jī)的使用便利了客戶的交易支付 ······································ 166
三、金融科技2.0 階段：金融+ 互聯(lián)網(wǎng) ················································· 167
?。ㄒ唬┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)金融概況 ································································· 167
（二）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)銀行 ······································································· 168
?。ㄈ┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)證券 ······································································· 169
?。ㄋ模┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)保險(xiǎn) ······································································· 170
?。ㄎ澹┗ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)新金融 ································································· 171
四、金融科技3.0 階段：金融+ 人工智能 ·············································· 174
?。ㄒ唬┝炕灰?-金融自動(dòng)化交易的開端 ······································ 174
?。ǘ┨煸斓卦O(shè)--金融碰上人工智能 ············································ 177
?。ㄈ┙鹑谌斯ぶ悄軕?yīng)用場(chǎng)景舉例 ·················································· 179
?。ㄋ模┙鹑谌斯ぶ悄艿湫蛻?yīng)用場(chǎng)景--智能投顧 ································ 181
五、人工智能技術(shù)對(duì)金融業(yè)的影響 ······················································ 183
（一）強(qiáng)化了對(duì)金融科技跨界人才的需求 ········································· 183
?。ǘ┐龠M(jìn)無現(xiàn)金社會(huì)的早日到來 ·················································· 183
?。ㄈ┙鹑跈C(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化數(shù)據(jù)處理能力 ········································· 184
?。ㄋ模┙鹑跈C(jī)構(gòu)的“無人化” ························································· 184
?。ㄎ澹┙鹑诒O(jiān)管的手段更加完備 ····················································· 185
（六）金融人工智能也有消極作用 ·················································· 185
第八章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之六--醫(yī)療 ···················································· 188
一、歷史由來：人工智能與醫(yī)療的發(fā)展史你了解多少？ ··························· 188
?。ㄒ唬┽t(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程 ································································· 188
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄芘c醫(yī)療的前世今生 ·················································· 189
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄茚t(yī)療如何在國(guó)內(nèi)生根發(fā)芽 ········································· 189
二、人工智能與醫(yī)療：顛覆傳統(tǒng)的AI 醫(yī)療 ············································ 191
?。ㄒ唬╊嵏矀鹘y(tǒng)醫(yī)藥生產(chǎn)制造行業(yè) ·················································· 191
（二）顛覆傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)院診治模式 ························································ 192
?。ㄈ╊嵏矀鹘y(tǒng)的醫(yī)生診治方式 ····················································· 192
?。ㄋ模╊嵏膊∪酥委熜Чc診療體驗(yàn) ··············································· 193
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ···································· 193
（一）醫(yī)療助手：醫(yī)生護(hù)士的“新同事” ·········································· 193
?。ǘ┽t(yī)學(xué)影像：發(fā)現(xiàn)不一樣的“美” ············································· 195
（三）藥物研發(fā)：我是“藥神” ······················································ 196
?。ㄋ模┲阋槐壑Γ嚎祻?fù)機(jī)器人 ·················································· 197
?。ㄎ澹┗蚬ぞ撸侯A(yù)測(cè)“生老病死” ················································ 198
?。B(yǎng)老界之星：護(hù)理機(jī)器人 ····················································· 199
四、展望未來：人工智能醫(yī)療技術(shù)的未來影響及挑戰(zhàn) ······························ 201
?。ㄒ唬┶厔?shì)：人工智能醫(yī)療的新興領(lǐng)域 ············································ 201
?。ǘ┯绊懀喝斯ぶ悄軙?huì)取代醫(yī)護(hù)人員嗎？ ······································ 202
?。ㄈ┲泵嫣魬?zhàn)：推動(dòng)智能醫(yī)療健康發(fā)展 ········································· 203
第九章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之七--教育 ··················································· 205
一、歷史由來：從“喬布斯之問”說起 ················································ 206
（一）教育的改變：為什么那么難？ ··············································· 206
?。ǘ┙逃淖兏铮翰皇且?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄艿牡絹聿砰_始 ·························· 207
（三）教育的變與不變 ································································· 208
二、人工智能與教育：概念、沖擊與變革 ············································· 210
?。ㄒ唬┰趺从羞@么多“教育XX”和“XX 教育”？ ···························· 210
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄軐?duì)教育可能的沖擊 ·················································· 212
（三）人工智能時(shí)代的教育變革 ····················································· 215
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在教育中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ······································· 217
?。ㄒ唬┙虒W(xué)中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景：VR/AR 教學(xué)與教育機(jī)器人 ························· 218
（二）學(xué)習(xí)中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景：智能導(dǎo)學(xué)、自適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)與拍照搜題 ·············· 220
?。ㄈ┙虒W(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景：學(xué)習(xí)分析與自動(dòng)化測(cè)評(píng) ······················· 222
?。ㄋ模W(xué)校管理中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景：分層排課與學(xué)情監(jiān)測(cè) ·························· 223
（五）學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的智能化改變：智慧校園和智慧教室 ·························· 225
四、展望未來：孔子的教育理想能實(shí)現(xiàn)嗎？ ·········································· 226
?。ㄒ唬┮虿氖┙毯蛡€(gè)性化教育時(shí)代的到來 ········································· 226
（二）未來的教育可能是這樣的 ····················································· 227
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄茏尳逃貧w本質(zhì)：實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展 ·························· 234
第十章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之八--娛樂生活 ·············································· 236
一、理清思緒：光影流轉(zhuǎn)，娛樂變遷 ··················································· 237
（一）娛樂，點(diǎn)中人性的“死穴” ··················································· 237
（二）缺少娛樂的世界會(huì)如何？ ····················································· 241
（三）草根網(wǎng)紅的崛起 ································································· 242
二、人工智能與娛樂：重構(gòu)娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)圈 ·········································· 242
（一）娛樂“強(qiáng)檔”背后的故事 ····················································· 243
?。ǘ┏?jí)粉絲群體分析 ······························································ 244
?。ㄈ┏?jí)IP 生產(chǎn)體系化 ····························································· 244
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄苋绾钨x能娛樂？ ····················································· 246
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：AI 賦能，人機(jī)共娛 ····················································· 246
?。ㄒ唬┤藱C(jī)共育：打破次元壁，讓孩子走進(jìn)童話故事 ·························· 246
?。ǘ┤藱C(jī)共產(chǎn)：花椒直播 ··························································· 247
?。ㄈ┤藱C(jī)共選：AI 選女之必然 ···················································· 249
?。ㄋ模┤藱C(jī)共譜：AI 作曲 ····························································· 249
?。ㄎ澹┤藱C(jī)共制：AI 制作預(yù)告片 ···················································· 251
第十一章 人工智能技術(shù)應(yīng)用之九--家居 ················································ 252
一、歷史由來：人類居住環(huán)境的變遷 ··················································· 253
（一）傳統(tǒng)的家居環(huán)境 ································································· 253
?。ǘ┘揖迎h(huán)境的自動(dòng)化 ······························································ 254
?。ㄈ┘揖迎h(huán)境的智能化 ······························································ 256
（四）智能家居進(jìn)入中國(guó) ······························································ 256
二、人工智能與家居：智能家居的概念、結(jié)構(gòu)與功能 ······························ 257
?。ㄒ唬┲悄芗揖痈拍钆c人工智能 ····················································· 257
?。ǘ┲悄芗揖影l(fā)展的三個(gè)階段 ····················································· 259
?。ㄈ┲悄芗揖拥慕M成與工作原理 ·················································· 261
（四）智能家居的功能和特點(diǎn) ························································ 263
三、關(guān)注當(dāng)下：人工智能在家居中的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景 ······································· 264
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄芊?wù)機(jī)器人進(jìn)入家庭 ··············································· 264
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄芗译姰a(chǎn)品越來越多 ·················································· 265
（三）人工智能的家居控制管理平臺(tái) ··············································· 266
?。ㄋ模┤斯ぶ悄苤彝グ踩c健康 ··············································· 267
?。ㄎ澹┤斯ぶ悄芡苿?dòng)家居綠色環(huán)保 ·················································· 267
四、展望未來：智能家居的未來發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ············································· 268
?。ㄒ唬┲悄芗揖拥氖袌?chǎng)發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ····················································· 268
?。ǘ┲悄芗揖拥募夹g(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ····················································· 271
?。ㄈ┲悄芗揖拥漠a(chǎn)品發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ····················································· 275
第十二章 人工智能倫理規(guī)范 ·································································· 279
一、角色變化：人工智能的三種角色 ··················································· 279
?。ㄒ唬┻^去：人工智能只在電影中吸引人類目光 ································ 279
?。ǘ┈F(xiàn)在：人工智能在部分領(lǐng)域可替代人類 ··································· 280
?。ㄈ┪磥恚喝斯ぶ悄芑蛟谄纥c(diǎn)之后領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人類 ··································· 283
二、危機(jī)所在：人工智能的危險(xiǎn) ························································· 285
?。ㄒ唬┤斯ぶ悄芨淖儜?zhàn)爭(zhēng)形態(tài) ························································ 285
?。ǘ┤斯ぶ悄茏钚』赖仑?zé)任 ····················································· 286
?。ㄈ┤祟悜?yīng)審慎對(duì)待人工智能的安全性 ········································· 287
三、倫理規(guī)范：人工智能倫理法則 ······················································ 288
?。ㄒ唬┌⑽髂?ldquo;機(jī)器人三定律” ··················································· 288
（二）機(jī)器人新定律 ···································································· 289
?。ㄈ┌⑽髀羼R人工智能23 條原則 ················································ 291
?。ㄋ模┬袠I(yè)領(lǐng)袖提出的人工智能倫理準(zhǔn)則 ········································· 292
四、立法問題：人工智能倫理研究與立法 ············································· 293
?。ㄒ唬┪磥淼拿\(yùn)取決于人類自己 ·················································· 293
（二）人工智能倫理問題的研究 ····················································· 294
?。ㄈ┤斯ぶ悄軅惱硪?guī)范的立法 ····················································· 296
附錄 人工智能發(fā)展史上的大事件 ···························································· 300
參考文獻(xiàn)······························································································ 313
編后記································································································· 327
主編信息
魯昕，女，漢族，1955年7月生，遼寧撫順人，1985年6月入黨，1971年參加工作，1994年財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所財(cái)政專業(yè)畢業(yè)，研究生學(xué)歷，博士學(xué)位。2009年4月至2015年12月，任教育部副部長(zhǎng)、黨組成員。2015年12月中央新疆工作協(xié)調(diào)小組辦公室副主任。十三屆全國(guó)政協(xié)民族和宗教委員會(huì)委員，全國(guó)中等職業(yè)教育教學(xué)改革創(chuàng)新指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)主任委員。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十六次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)代表，中國(guó)婦女第九、十次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)代表。
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